Robust data was received for 98.7% ( n = 156) of the study group and antemortem and postmortem cardiac abnormalities were reported for 25.3% ( n = 40) of these animals. After exclusion of stillbirths ( n = 48), animals less than 1 yr of age ( n = 8), and animals housed internationally ( n = 2), a study group ( n = 158) was identified for this analysis. To determine the prevalence of cardiac disease in this species, surveys were distributed to current and previous holding institutions ( n = 23) for the U.S. Although these results demonstrated a relatively low prevalence of hepatitis B infection among these chimpanzees, the varied serologic results between institutions underscored the importance of routine serologic testing, especially at times of proposed transfers, and consideration of species vaccination protocols.Ĭardiac disease is a common condition in captive primates, and multiple cases in François' langurs ( Trachypithecus francoisi) were noted on review of the Species Survival Plan studbook. No animals were determined to be acutely infected as HbsAg and anti-Hbs positive. Additionally, 11.6% ( n = 26) of the directly measured population tested were HbsAg negative and anti-Hbs positive, which was indicative of viral exposure. Serologic status was measured directly in 86.5% ( n = 224) of these individuals, with 2.2% ( n = 5) of the study population determined to be chronically infected by positive HbsAg and negative anti-Hbs status. Signalment, origin, current health status, history of liver disease, and hepatitis B vaccination history were obtained for each animal. zoo-housed population ( n = 259) was assessed serologically for hepatitis B by surface protein antigen (HbsAg) and surface antibodies (anti-Hbs). However, the overall status for this population and the interpretation of these individual test results have not been established previously. Historically, a small number of chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes) living in accredited North American zoos have been confirmed with positive hepatitis B serology consistent with exposure. Hepatitis B virus causes horizontally transmitted infectious hepatopathy of primates and may progress to hepatocellular carcinoma. There is therefore a critical need for a robust, widespread, and more up-to-date review of mortality among captive great apes. However, recent and accurate prevalence figures are lacking and there are flaws in those reviews that do exist. This review concludes that reports of idiopathic and infectious diseases along with disorders of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal body systems were particularly prominent within the great ape literature during 1990–2014. Subsequent analysis allowed the amount of literature coverage afforded to each category to be calculated and the main diseases and disorders reported within the literature to be identified.
#Inklet cannot grant permission series#
The case reports–case series and single-disease prevalence studies were categorized and coded according to taxa, etiology, and body system. The content and main findings of the morbidity-mortality studies were reviewed and the main limitations identified. A total of 189 articles reporting on the causes of morbidity and mortality among captive great apes were selected and divided into comparative morbidity–mortality studies and case reports–series or single-disease prevalence studies. The following databases were searched for relevant articles: CAB Abstracts, Web of Science Core Collection, BIOSIS Citation Index, BIOSIS Previews, Current Contents Connect, Data Citation Index, Derwent Innovations Index, MEDLINE, SciELO Citation Index, and Zoological Record.
This is the first review of the great ape literature published since 1990 and the first-ever systematic literature review of great ape morbidity and mortality. To provide an up-to-date perspective on great ape morbidity and mortality, a systematic review of the zoological and veterinary literature of great apes from 1990 to 2014 was conducted. In order to help maintain a self-sustaining zoo population, clinicians require a sound understanding of the diseases with which they might be presented.
Wild bonobos ( Pan paniscus), chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes), Western gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla), and orangutans ( Pongo pygmaeus, Pongo abelii) are threatened with extinction.
0 kommentar(er)
